A software requirements specification (SRS) is a document that describes what the software will do and how it will be expected to perform.

An SRS describes the functionality the product needs to fulfill all stakeholders (business, users) needs.

A typical SRS includes:

• A purpose
• An overall description
• Specific requirements

The best SRS documents define how the software will interact when embedded in hardware — or when connected to other software. Good SRS documents also account for real-life users.

Why Use an SRS Document?

A software requirements specification is the basis for your entire project. It lays the framework that every team involved in development will follow.

It’s used to provide critical information to multiple teams — development, quality assurance, operations, and maintenance. This keeps everyone on the same page.

Using the SRS helps to ensure requirements are fulfilled. And it can also help you make decisions about your product’s lifecycle — for instance, when to retire a feature.

Writing an SRS can also minimize overall development time and costs. Embedded development teams especially benefit from using an SRS.

Software RequirementsSpecification Vs  System Requirements Specification

A software requirements specification (SRS) includes in-depth descriptions of the software that will be developed.

A system requirements specification (SyRS) collects information on the requirements for a system.

“Software” and “system” are sometimes used interchangeably as SRS. But, a software requirement specification provides greater detail than a system requirements specification.

How to Write an SRS Document

Writing an SRS document is important. But it isn’t always easy to do.

Here are five steps you can follow to write an effective SRS document.

1. Create an Outline (Or Use an SRS Template)

Your first step is to create an outline for your software requirements specification. This may be something you create yourself. Or you may use an existing SRS template.

If you’re creating this yourself, here’s what your outline might look like:

1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose

1.2 Intended Audience

1.3 Intended Use

1.4 Scope

1.5 Definitions and Acronyms

2. Overall Description

2.1 User Needs

2.2 Assumptions and Dependencies

3. System Features and Requirements

            3.1 Functional Requirements

            3.2 External Interface Requirements

            3.3 System Features

            3.4 Nonfunctional Requirements

Once you have your basic outline, you’re ready to start filling it out.

2. Start With a Purpose

The introduction to your SRS is very important. It sets the expectation for the product you’re building.

So, start by defining the purpose of your product.

Intended Audience and Intended Use

Define who in your organization will have access to the SRS — and how they should use it. This may include developers, testers, and project managers. It could also include stakeholders in other departments, including leadership teams, sales, and marketing.

Product Scope

Describe the software being specified. And include benefits, objectives, and goals. This should relate to overall business goals, especially if teams outside of development will have access to the SRS.

Definitions and Acronyms

It’s smart to include a risk definition. Avoiding risk is top-of-mind for many developers — especially those working on safety-critical development teams.

Here’s an example. If you’re creating a medical device, the risk might be the device fails and causes a fatality.

By defining that risk up front, it’s easier to determine the specific requirements you’ll need to mitigate it.

3. Give an Overview of what you’ll Build

Your next step is to give a description of what you’re going to build. Is it an update to an existing product? Is it a new product? Is it an add-on to a product you’ve already created?

These are important to describe upfront, so everyone knows what you’re building.

You should also describe why you’re building it and who it’s for.

User Needs

User needs — or user classes and characteristics — are critical. You’ll need to define who is going to use the product and how.

You’ll have primary and secondary users who will use the product on a regular basis. You may also need to define the needs of a separate buyer of the product (who may not be a primary/secondary user). And, for example, if you’re building a medical device, you’ll need to describe the patient’s needs.

Assumptions and Dependencies

There might be factors that impact your ability to fulfill the requirements outlined in your SRS. What are those factors?

Are there any assumptions you’re making with the SRS that could turn out to be false? You should include those here, as well.

Finally, you should note if your project is dependent on any external factors. This might include software components you’re reusing from another project.

4. Detail Your Specific Requirements

The next section is key for your development team. This is where you detail the specific requirements for building your product.

Functional Requirements

Functional requirements are essential to building your product.

If you’re developing a medical device, these requirements may include infusion and battery. And within these functional requirements, you may have a subset of risks and requirements.

External Interface Requirements

External interface requirements are types of functional requirements. They’re important for embedded systems. And they outline how your product will interface with other components.

There are several types of interfaces you may have requirements for, including:

• User
• Hardware
• Software
• Communications

System Features

System features are types of functional requirements. These are features that are required in order for a system to function.

Other Nonfunctional Requirements

Nonfunctional requirements can be just as important as functional ones.

These include:

• Performance
• Safety
• Security
• Quality

The importance of this type of requirement may vary depending on your industry. Safety requirements, for example, will be critical in the medical device industry.

IEEE also provides guidance for writing software requirements specifications, if you’re a member.

5. Get Approval for the SRS

Once you’ve completed the SRS, you’ll need to get it approved by key stakeholders. And everyone should be reviewing the latest version of the document.

Article By :

Mr. Devesh Singh

Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science

Institute Of Computer Science & Technology ( ICST )

SHEPA, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.

Water is most essential and a remarkable substance on the earth. We depend on water for domestic needs, sanitation, shipping, industry and irrigation. 70 % of the earth is covered in water but only 2 % of our planet water is fresh and of this only 0.4 % of fresh water is available for 7.7 billion world population but not equally, rest of 1.6% is locked in polar ice caps and glaciers. The human body is more than 60 % water, blood is 92% water and besides all these our bones also contain approximately 20 % of water. Each year 3.6 million people die from water related disease. In world it is estimated that a child dies from water related diseases every 15 seconds, dirty water kills more children than war, malaria, HIV/AIDS and traffic accidents combined. 33% of world’s population is likely to face severe or chronic water shortage by 2025. From the past record it is anticipated that global demand for fresh water is doubling every 21 years. 90% of waste water in developing nations is discharged into fresh water sources without being treated. It is assumed that 80% of all sickness and diseases worldwide is related to contaminated water. The main cause of kidney stones is dehydration. Saudi Arabia is no longer able to grow wheat due to the lack of irrigation water. Cape Town capital of South Africa facing severe water shortage, people of there allowed only using 70 litres of water per day. So, from the above facts we can observe the importance of water in our life, the world will have to ready for its scarcity and must adopt crucial ways to conserve it. Use the water carefully because in the world, the water is going to end some day.

Methods to conserve water

• Establish rain water harvesting plant or direct rainwater towards neighbourhood parks
• Adopt community irrigation techniques or irrigation scheduling system to save water
• Use drip and sprinkler irrigation system or use watering can to water the plant preferably during cool part of the day
• For greenery, turf required a lot of water, plant shrubs instead
• Plant, broad and flat leaf trees that help to conserve rain water very much and recharge ground water
• Inorganic fertilizer require high water consumption, apply minimum fertilizer or go for organic cultivation
• Use mulching around trees and plant, it maintain soil humidity
• Try to plant, drought resistant lawns, shrubs and plants. Better to go for dry farming
• In house replace heavy flow shower heads and faucets with low flow models
• Prefer to use the shower for bath instead bucket and try to use full loads in your washing machine and dishwasher
• Turn off the tap while brushing, use water sensibly. Toilet leaks can be silent, be sure to test your toilet for leaks
• One drop of water every second adds up to five gallons per day, so fix broken toilets and leaky faucets as soon as possible
• RO discharge water can be collected and use it to water your indoor plants or garden
• Try to shade or close the collected water system like swimming pools, ponds etc. because maximum loss of water is due to evaporation
• Always use bucket and sponge to clean the car or send your cars to a commercial car wash that recycle water
• Reuse waste water as much as possible or recycle it where we can
• Alert people and companies from polluting waterways by making laws against using toxic chemicals which pollute our soils

Article By :

Dr. Amit Kumar Singh

Asst. Professor, Deptt Of Biotechnology

Institute Of Computer Science & Technology ( ICST )

SHEPA Varanasi , Uttar Pradesh

ABSTRACT:

Outsourcing contracts having been part and parcel of human civilization since time immemorial. Today we frequently turn to professionals for major plumbing, air conditioner or car repairs, domestic chores, education for children, transport etc. While it has been practiced at family and social level for a long time, for business organizations too it is the one of long standing practices continuing till date.

Organizations today find themselves at major crossroads with the need to choose strategic long term decision with regard to choosing their outsourcing model for various business needs.

This article is a guide to the working managers to understand their outsourcing needs and also plan for the same.

INTRODUCTION:

Outsourcing is a contract between two persons or organizations where one provides and the other receives some product or service at a contracted price. Economists refer to this process of turning to those who can produce a product or service at a lower marginal cost as “comparative advantage,” and consider it a key ingredient to an efficient and productive economy.

There have been a number of attempts in the past to put a restraint on outsourcing in the name of fair labor practices, social justice and equity in India and also protecting jobs in most advanced countries, but, outsourcing has managed to survive all such attempts.

Today not only private but even governmental agencies and departments have almost completely outsourced their administrative activities such as cleaning, maintenance, transport, surveillance, security, legal services etc. with a view to eliminate unnecessary administrative cost in extending welfare measures and retaining focus on planning and rolling out schemes alone. Businesses have long understood the futility of getting itself tied to routine non value adding activities such as bookkeeping, payroll processing or janitorial services which does nothing but keep on adding flab which becomes difficult to shed. Outsourcing also helps business organizations to tide over difficult organizational challenges and also for extending timely response for increasing business commitments where their own resources fall short.

OUTSOURCING ENABLERS

For long organization have been outsourcing one of their key functions, sales and distribution to distributors/dealers/C&F agents, the same has not been considered as outsourcing, though that is what it essentially is. Organizations, in the past, have thought of outsourcing only for their non-core administrative functions but of late increasingly we come across examples where businesses have acquired operational leverage by successfully outsourcing even their core functions. This has led to a significant spurt in outsourcing contracts in our domestic business environment particularly in the services sector. The central philosophy which has been behind growth in outsourcing of core functions has been the realization that even core processes are made of large number of discrete subsystems, most of which are low value adding processes and hence can be outsourced to be executed at lowest possible cost without much value destruction.

Coupled with the above enabling factors is the ever growing need of the businesses to remain ahead of the competition and focus on their customer deliverable and relationships alone. As opposed to short term and medium term outsourcing perspective practiced earlier, today businesses and organization are known to take a long term view on outsourcing with a view to keep itself nimble & agile, and also, increase its focus on evolving product and service deliverable to maintain its lead over the competition.

MAPPING OUTSOURCING NEED

There are a number of reasons why an organization may need to outsource. For managers planning outsourcing of their business process it is very important to map out these needs otherwise there are chances that the outsourcing model the organization will adopt will be either sub-optimal or more than what is required.

Outsourcing needs can be grouped into following basic categories –

• Augmentation of Human Resource for cyclic fluctuations
• Cost and Efficiency Savings
• Capability building
• Need for agility and nimbleness

CHOOSING AN OUTSOURCING STRUCTURE

Three basic outsourcing structures are predominantly used by organizations to cut operational costs, maintain operational efficiency and enhance the quality of business deliverable. These are augmenting workforce, out-tasking, project-based outsourcing.

The decision to follow one or more of the above depends on the following two basic considerations –

Strategic needs: Each organization needs to know what is the strategic need of its individual processes and how much of it can be outsourced to strategic partners. There are instances where an organization is over secretive of its business processes and indicators and will not like to shareit with an outsourcing partner. For example in the cut-throat competition within the technology industry (gadgets, IT hardware, software etc.) even though most of the manufacturing process is outsourced the company exclusively handles most of the activities leading to development of new products and technologies as there is a distinct advantage in being the first to launch an new technology or a product.

Risk Tolerance: What is the risk involved in outsourcing decision and to what extent the same can be safely tolerated by the organization is another very important determinant of any outsourcing decision. Typically in an environment where an organization cannot afford any disruption in any of its basic processes outsourcing is avoided. The cost of disruption to the company is much higher cost than what one could gain as damages from the outsourced partner. For example a steel industry can today easily think of outsourcing its rolling and value adding processes downstream, but, planning for outsourcing its input on the upstream is much difficult due to strong linkages on account of 24×7 operations and difficulties inherent in controlling chemistry for desired metallic properties. Further the managing agency in this type of contract models are very costly which in competitive market can become prohibitive.

WORKFORCE AUGMENTATION

This is the most basic of all outsourcing models. One simply adds labor contracts to increase the job output while retaining full control on all resources. In addition to being the most basic setup, this has the least risk among all the outsourcing models. One may use this to expand current capacity to serve short term immediate business needs.

OUT TASKING

If one can identify skill or capability gaps within the company’s various processes, one may consider outtasking. This setup transfers jobs to the contractor to execute jobs that could be done in-house. In this type of outsourcing model the outsourced partner shares higher degree of responsibility for maintaining the job output and quality of service. The Examples of out-tasking contracts are software deployment and integration, transportation, Stock Keeping Units, value-adding process in steel industry etc.

PROJECT BASED OUTSOURCING

These types of contract models are adopted for turnkey projects where one cannot comprehensively define, design and execute the tasks. As such, the best solution for your company is to outsource the whole project. In this setup, the outsourced partner has all the necessary competencies and capabilities to complete a project. Mostly day to day monitoring may not necessitated but the focus of the contract is on handling over final deliverable once the contract project is over. This can be as short as a one-time engagement. Examples of this type of outsourcing models are small and big project contracts.

DEVELOPING AN OUTSOURCING PLAN

The goal of outsourcing is to provide the company with more profitable margins. One should first look at one’s cost structures; study the available outsourcing options, and decide which to apply based on one’s strategic priority and risk tolerance. It is very important to develop a comprehensive understanding of one’s comforts and areas of difficulties for deciding what to perform in house and what tasks, processes or projects to outsource. In case one is planning to outsource a task or process previously performed in house it is advisable to begin with staff augmentation and gradually move towards more complex outsourcing models to minimize the risk of major disruption in business deliverables. A major challenge in such situations is development of the competencies of outsourced manpower which is easier said than done. Further it is very important to work on the desired relationship with the outsourced partner and steer it towards the direction one is comfortable with. If one perceives them as a long term business partner, then it is more meaningful to enter into a mature outsourcing models giving them too a long term strategic focus. It is quite natural that the outsourcing partner will not like to make major investments unless assured of long term business. Business strategies change over a period of time as the company grows. It is therefore very important not to have outsourcing strategy for a very long period as it may impede rather than furthering the growth of business. One should always be on the lookout for a business process that is suited for present need and provide necessary cost and efficiency leverages for business development.

Bibliography

• Sustaining innovation when outsourcing components in multi-technology, multicomponent systems: Ian Mackenzie, CasimerDecusatis – Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice
• Organizational Commitment and Attrition among Business Process Outsourcing Employees in Chennai: K Devi, A Punitha – Journal of Social Welfare and Management
• An Empirical Analysis Of The Impact Of Information Capabilities Design On Business Process Outsourcing Performance: Deepa Mani &AniteshBarua – MIS Quarterly
• Internationalization as a determining factor of HRM outsourcing: EleannaGalanaki, Nancy Papalexandris – International Journal of Human Resource Management
• Organizational Change: Business Process Reengineering Or Outsourcing: MichelaPellicelli, Colombo Carlotta Meo& Andrea Cioffi – Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series

Article By,

Dr. Kunjan Pandey

Assistant Professor,

Department Of Commerce,

Institute Of Computer Science & Technology ( ICST ) – SHEPA

Applications And Related Future Technologies

Internet of things is a new technology which provides many applications to connect things to things and human to things through the internet. Each object in the world can be identified, connected to each other through internet taking decisions independently. All networks and technologies of communication are used in building the concept of the internet of things such technologies are mobile computing, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), wireless sensors networks, and embedded systems, in addition to many algorithms and methodologies to get management processes, storing data, and security issues. Internet of Things requires standardized approach for architectures, identification schemes, protocols and frequencies will happen parallels, each one targeted for a particular and specific use. by the internet of things many smart applications becomes real in our life , which enable us to reach and contact with every things in addition to facilities many important aspects for human life such as smart healthcare, smart homes, smart energy , smart cities and smart environments. Internet of things may face two major challenges in order to guarantee seamless network access; the first issue relates to the fact that today different networks coexist and the other issue is related to the big data size of the IoT. Other current issues, such as address restriction, automatic address setup, security functions such as authentication and encryption, and functions to deliver voice and video signals efficiently will probably be affected in implementing the concept of the internet of things but by ongoing in technological developments these challenges will be overcome. The internet of things promises future new technologies when related to cloud, fog and distributed computing, big data, and security issues. By integrating all these issues with the internet of things, smarter applications will be developed as soon. This paper surveyed some of the most important applications of IoT with particular focus on what is being actually done in addition to the challenges that facing the implementation the internet of things concept, and the other future technologies make the concept of IoT feasible.

By,

Mr. Pankaj Pandey

Assistant Professor,

Computer Science and Applications,

ICST-SHEPA, Varanasi                                   .

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